From: ak123@lafn.org (Tim Shell)

Out of curiousity in regards to good ol' Element 115 (aka eku-bismuth), I did a little search to find out if there's anything unusual about bismuth, and if we might be able to guess at some of the properties eku-bismuth might have (if it existed). Here's a couple of things I found.


From:
(http://microgravity.msad.hq.nasa.gov/Appendix_A.html)

APPENDIX A
NRA-94-OLMSA-06
Technical Description
MICROGRAVITY MATERIALS SCIENCE:
RESEARCH AND FLIGHT EXPERIMENT OPPORTUNITIES

[...]

When solid and liquid or gaseous phases coexist for some time, microstructural changes can occur such that larger particles will grow at the expense of smaller ones so as to lower the free energy of a system by reducing the total surface energy. This effect, known as Ostwald Ripening or microstructural coarsening, is important in the coarsening of microstructures with time under operating conditions, or in the sintering of fine particles. There is also a large class of industrially important dispersion-hardened alloys in which extremely small particles are either added to or caused to precipitate from the melt during solidification. Since the strengthening effect of the dispersed particles diminishes as their size increases, the coarsening process must be understood and controlled. The process of coarsening requires mass transport which can be influenced by gravitationally induced flow of liquid between particles, or settling of particles in the solid plus liquid or vapor phase. In extreme cases, liquid flow in the two phase zone can lead to transport of solid fragments over large distances. Microgravity experiments provide a unique opportunity to understand the coarsening phenomenon through the suppression of convective and sedimentation effects.

Low-gravity experiments carried out in sounding rockets, in aircraft flying parabolic trajectories, or in orbital flights have illustrated the significance of suppressing convection during solidification processes. Experiments studying dendritic growth have shown evidence that both primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing change as the effects of gravity are reduced. Space experiments with growth of the manganese-bismuth eutectic revealed, surprisingly, that the rod diameter and spacing were considerably smaller than that predicted by the classical theory of eutectic spacing selection which assumes no convection. Growth in strong magnetic fields, which also suppress convective flows, produced results similar to the flight experiments. Paradoxically, control experiments carried out on the ground, in which convective flows were present, agreed very well with the classical theory. European experimenters on Spacelab 1 and the first German Spacelab, D-1, have found similar results with some systems, agreement with the classical theory in other systems, and larger spacings than predicted in still other systems. These disparate results indicate that there is still much to be learned about the role of convection during eutectic solidification.


From:
(ftp://newton.dep.anl.gov/pub/AskAScientist/ASCIItext/chem.txt)

ASK-A-SCIENTIST ARCHIVE

Author: Robert Topper
[...]

1) Why is mercury a liquid? It is surrounded by solids! Mercury is a sort of special case. Its valence shell is 5d10 6s2, which means that the two outermost electrons are in a spherically symmetric, energetically stable quantum state. So are the elements in the same column of the periodic table (Zn, Cd). However, for reasons that are not completely understood (at least by me), 6s electrons are particularly inert, i.e., unavailable to form chemical bonds. This is also true for the 6s electrons in thallium, lead, and bismuth,

but they have additional 6p electrons which can form chemical bonds (note that these are very soft metals though!). Since Hg does not "like" to share its outer electrons, each atom only interacts weakly with the other atoms, and therefore it tends to be liquid at room temperature. This is also the reason that mercury is so volatile (vaporizes easily) and has a low electrical conductivity (can you guess why?).


So bismuth, alone and in combination with other metals, does exhibit some anomalous effects, possibly because of some unusual stability it has as a result of some special spherical symmetry in the outermost electron shells. It may be reasonable to assume a similar stability could exist in a hypothetical Element 115.

The gravity-sensitive effect -- beyond that expected by current theory, and resulting in increased free and surface energy -- indicated in the microgravity convection supression experiments on manganese- bismuth alloy is also interesting in light of the assertion by Robert Lazar that Element 115 creates an extended "Gravity A" (nuclear strong force) surface field which can be amplified and directed.